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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021 (For All Competitive Examinations)
• J&K AND LADAKH NEW MAP
• INDIAN HISTORY
• ART AND CULTURE
• WORLD HISTORY
• GEOGRAPHY
• ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
• INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION
• INDIAN ECONOMY
• SCIENCE
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• WORLD PANORAMA
• INDIAN PANORAMA
• BOOKS AND AUTHORS
• AWARDS AND HONOURS
• GAMES AND SPORTS
• ABBREVIATIONS
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| CONTENTS | Constitutional Amendments —Pgs. 42 |
| Preface —Pgs. xiii | Some Important Amendments of the Constitution —Pgs. 42 |
| New Political Map of UTs of J&K and Ladakh released on 2nd Nov. 2019 —Pgs. xiv | Glossary of Constitutional Terms —Pgs. 45 |
| INDIAN HISTORY —PGS. 1–78 | INDIAN ECONOMY —PGS. 1–39 |
| ANCIENT INDIA —PGS. 3–34 | INDIAN ECONOMY —PGS. 3–39 |
| Sources of Ancient Indian History —Pgs. 3 | Characteristics of Indian Economy —Pgs. 3 |
| Literary Sources —Pgs. 3 | Agriculture and Land Development —Pgs. 3 |
| Archaeological Sources —Pgs. 5 | National Income —Pgs. 6 |
| Coin Types —Pgs. 7 | Economic Planning —Pgs. 7 |
| Culture and Civilisation —Pgs. 7 | Types of Planning —Pgs. 8 |
| The Stone Age: An Introduction —Pgs. 8 | Niti Aayog —Pgs. 9 |
| Indus Valley Civilisation —Pgs. 9 | Unemployment —Pgs. 10 |
| Vedic Culture (1500 BC–600 BC) —Pgs. 12 | Some Important Development and Employment Programmes —Pgs. 12 |
| Later Vedic Period (1000 BC–600 BC) —Pgs. 15 | Trade and Commerce —Pgs. 17 |
| Mahajanapada Period (600 BC–325 BC) —Pgs. 16 | New Economic Policy —Pgs. 17 |
| Magadha Empire —Pgs. 17 | Indian Financial System —Pgs. 18 |
| Haryanaka Dynasty (544 BC–412 BC) —Pgs. 17 | The Indian Capital Market —Pgs. 19 |
| Shishunaga Dynasty (413 BC–344 BC) —Pgs. 18 | Indian Fiscal System —Pgs. 20 |
| Nanda Dynasty (344 BC–323 BC) —Pgs. 18 | Banking in India —Pgs. 21 |
| Foreign Invasions —Pgs. 18 | Tax System —Pgs. 23 |
| Religious Movements (600 BC–400 BC) —Pgs. 19 | Industry —Pgs. 25 |
| Maurya Period (322 BC–185 BC) —Pgs. 22 | Large Scale Industries —Pgs. 27 |
| Post-Maurya/Pre-Gupta Period (185 BC–319 AD) —Pgs. 25 | Foreign Direct Investment —Pgs. 27 |
| Kanva Dynasty (73 BC–28 BC) —Pgs. 26 | Foreign Trade —Pgs. 28 |
| Satavahana Dynasty (60 BC–225 AD) —Pgs. 26 | Demography —Pgs. 30 |
| The Cheti Dynasty of Kalinga —Pgs. 26 | Miscellaneous Facts —Pgs. 30 |
| Foreign Successors of Mauryas —Pgs. 26 | SCIENCE —PGS. 1–74 |
| Gupta Period (319 AD–540 AD) —Pgs. 27 | PHYSICS —PGS. 3–30 |
| The Hunas (500 AD–530 AD) —Pgs. 28 | Unit —Pgs. 3 |
| Vakatakas (3rd Century AD–5th Century AD) —Pgs. 28 | Kinematics —Pgs. 3 |
| Post-Gupta Period/Vardhana Dynasty (550 AD–647 AD) —Pgs. 30 | Motion —Pgs. 4 |
| States of the Deccan and South India —Pgs. 31 | Friction —Pgs. 5 |
| Sangam Age —Pgs. 32 | Work, Energy and Power —Pgs. 6 |
| Religious Development —Pgs. 34 | Gravitation —Pgs. 6 |
| MEDIEVAL INDIA —PGS. 35–53 | Satellite —Pgs. 7 |
| The Rajputs —Pgs. 35 | General Properties of Matter —Pgs. 8 |
| Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD–1526 AD) —Pgs. 35 | Pressure —Pgs. 8 |
| The Slave Dynasty (1206 AD–1290 AD) —Pgs. 36 | Floatation —Pgs. 9 |
| The Khilji Dynasty (1290 AD–1320 AD) —Pgs. 37 | Surface Tension —Pgs. 9 |
| The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 AD–1414 AD) —Pgs. 37 | Capillarity —Pgs. 10 |
| The Sayyid Dynasty (1414 AD–1450 AD) —Pgs. 38 | Density —Pgs. 10 |
| The Lodhi Dynasty (1451 AD–1526 AD) —Pgs. 39 | Viscosity —Pgs. 10 |
| Provincial Kingdoms —Pgs. 40 | Wave —Pgs. 11 |
| Vijayanagar and Other Kingdoms —Pgs. 41 | Important Terms —Pgs. 12 |
| Bahamani Kingdom —Pgs. 42 | Sound Wave —Pgs. 12 |
| Religious Movements in the 15th–16th Centuries —Pgs. 43 | Heat —Pgs. 13 |
| Mughal Period (1526 AD–1540 AD and 1555 AD–1857 AD) —Pgs. 45 | Relation between Temperatures on Different Scales —Pgs. 14 |
| Later Mughals —Pgs. 48 | Some Practical Applications of Thermal Expansion —Pgs. 14 |
| Maratha State (1674 AD–1720 AD) and Maratha Confederate (1720 AD–1818 AD) —Pgs. 51 | Transmission of Heat —Pgs. 14 |
| The Peshwas (1713 AD–1880 AD) —Pgs. 51 | Latent Heat or Heat of Transformation —Pgs. 15 |
| The Advent of Europeans —Pgs. 52 | Thermodynamics —Pgs. 15 |
| MODERN INDIA —PGS. 54–78 | Light —Pgs. 16 |
| Expansion of British Power —Pgs. 54 | Human Eye —Pgs. 19 |
| Anglo-Mysore Wars —Pgs. 55 | Electricity —Pgs. 20 |
| Anglo-Burmese War —Pgs. 55 | Electrochemical Cell —Pgs. 21 |
| The Carnatic Wars —Pgs. 56 | Magnetism —Pgs. 22 |
| Anglo-Maratha Wars —Pgs. 56 | Atomic and Nuclear Physics —Pgs. 23 |
| Economic Impact of British Rule —Pgs. 56 | Electronics —Pgs. 25 |
| Land Revenue Systems —Pgs. 56 | Nanotechnology —Pgs. 25 |
| Indian Renaissance —Pgs. 57 | CHEMISTRY —PGS. 31–49 |
| The Revolt of 1857 AD —Pgs. 59 | States of Matter —Pgs. 31 |
| Indian National Movement —Pgs. 60 | Elements —Pgs. 31 |
| The Partition of Bengal (1905) and Boycott and Swadeshi (1905 AD–1908 AD) —Pgs. 61 | Compounds —Pgs. 32 |
| The Gandhian Era (1917 AD–1947 AD) —Pgs. 62 | Mixtures —Pgs. 32 |
| Main Events During the Gandhian Era —Pgs. 63 | Separation of Mixtures —Pgs. 32 |
| Growth of Modern Education in India —Pgs. 69 | Atomic Structure —Pgs. 33 |
| Important Foreign Travellers/Envoys —Pgs. 69 | Radioactivity —Pgs. 35 |
| Important Sayings —Pgs. 70 | Periodic Classification of Elements —Pgs. 35 |
| Governor-Generals and Viceroys —Pgs. 74 | Chemical Bonding —Pgs. 36 |
| Governor-Generals of India —Pgs. 75 | Acids, Bases and Salts —Pgs. 38 |
| Governor Generals of Free India (1947 AD–1950 AD) —Pgs. 77 | Electrolysis —Pgs. 40 |
| Important National Leaders —Pgs. 77 | Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis —Pgs. 41 |
| ART AND CULTURE 1–20 | Carbon and Its Compounds —Pgs. 41 |
| ART AND CULTURE —PGS. 3–20 | Hydrocarbons —Pgs. 41 |
| Religion in India —Pgs. 3 | Plastics —Pgs. 42 |
| Indian Literature and Languages —Pgs. 3 | Uses of Some Important Organic Compounds —Pgs. 42 |
| Literature of India —Pgs. 4 | Fuels —Pgs. 43 |
| Indian Architecture —Pgs. 6 | Metallurgy —Pgs. 44 |
| The Schools of Art —Pgs. 7 | Compounds of Metal and Non-Metals and Their Uses —Pgs. 44 |
| Temple Architecture of India —Pgs. 7 | Important Facts About Some Metals —Pgs. 45 |
| Cave Architecture of India —Pgs. 8 | Non-Metal —Pgs. 46 |
| Rajput Architecture —Pgs. 9 | Common Facts —Pgs. 46 |
| Delhi Style of Architecture —Pgs. 9 | Air, Water and Their Pollution —Pgs. 47 |
| Provincial Style of Architecture —Pgs. 10 | Smog —Pgs. 47 |
| Mughal Style of Architecture —Pgs. 10 | Man-made Substance —Pgs. 48 |
| Post-Mughal Style of Architecture —Pgs. 11 | Glass —Pgs. 48 |
| Colonial Architecture —Pgs. 11 | Soaps —Pgs. 49 |
| Paintings of India —Pgs. 12 | BIOLOGY —PGS. 50–54 |
| Classical Dance of India —Pgs. 13 | Classification of Organisms —Pgs. 50 |
| List of Indian Musical Instruments —Pgs. 15 | Study of Cell —Pgs. 50 |
| Music —Pgs. 16 | Genetics —Pgs. 53 |
| Puppetry —Pgs. 18 | Sex Determination in Human —Pgs. 53 |
| Important Places in India —Pgs. 19 | Organic Evolution —Pgs. 54 |
| WORLD HISTORY —PGS. 1–8 | BOTANY —PGS. 55–58 |
| WORLD HISTORY —PGS. 3–8 | Plants —Pgs. 55 |
| Ancient World —Pgs. 3 | Phanerogams or Floral Plant —Pgs. 55 |
| Medieval World (500 AD–1500 AD) —Pgs. 5 | Plant Morphology —Pgs. 55 |
| Modern World (1500 AD Onwards) —Pgs. 5 | Plant Tissue —Pgs. 56 |
| GEOGRAPHY —PGS. 1–51 | Photosynthesis —Pgs. 56 |
| WORLD GEOGRAPHY —PGS. 3–13 | Plant Hormones —Pgs. 57 |
| Universe —Pgs. 3 | Nitrogen Cycle —Pgs. 57 |
| Evolution of Universe —Pgs. 3 | Population and Biotic Community —Pgs. 57 |
| Stars —Pgs. 3 | Virus —Pgs. 57 |
| Evolutionary Stages of a Star —Pgs. 3 | Bacteria —Pgs. 57 |
| The Solar System —Pgs. 4 | Plant Diseases —Pgs. 58 |
| Origin of Solar System —Pgs. 4 | ZOOLOGY —PGS. 59–74 |
| Members of the Solar System —Pgs. 4 | Classification of Animal Kingdom —Pgs. 59 |
| The Earth —Pgs. 8 | Some Main Groups of Phylum Chordata —Pgs. 60 |
| Internal Structure of the Earth —Pgs. 10 | Human Blood —Pgs. 61 |
| Rocks —Pgs. 11 | System of the Human Body —Pgs. 62 |
| Earthquakes —Pgs. 12 | Circulatory System —Pgs. 63 |
| Volcanic Eruptions —Pgs. 12 | Excretory System —Pgs. 64 |
| LANDFORMS —PGS. 14–28 | Excretory Products —Pgs. 64 |
| Mountains —Pgs. 14 | Central Nervous System —Pgs. 65 |
| Plateaus —Pgs. 14 | Peripheral Nervous System —Pgs. 65 |
| Plains —Pgs. 15 | Skeletal System —Pgs. 65 |
| Atmosphere —Pgs. 15 | Muscular System —Pgs. 66 |
| Structure of the Atmosphere —Pgs. 15 | Reproductive System —Pgs. 67 |
| Weather and Climate —Pgs. 17 | Gonads —Pgs. 67 |
| Winds —Pgs. 17 | Respiratory System —Pgs. 68 |
| Primary Wind Movements (Permanent Winds) —Pgs. 18 | Sense Organs —Pgs. 68 |
| Secondary Wind Movements —Pgs. 18 | Nutrients —Pgs. 69 |
| Tertiary Wind Movement (Local Winds) —Pgs. 19 | Diseases —Pgs. 71 |
| Clouds —Pgs. 19 | Biotechnology —Pgs. 71 |
| Climate —Pgs. 20 | SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY —PGS. 1–20 |
| Forests —Pgs. 20 | INDIAN RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS —PGS. 3–15 |
| Hydrosphere —Pgs. 21 | Indian Space Research Organisation —Pgs. 3 |
| Relief of the Ocean Basin —Pgs. 21 | INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY —PGS. 16–20 |
| Continents of the World —Pgs. 24 | Computers —Pgs. 16 |
| Some Important Facts —Pgs. 26 | Classification of Computers —Pgs. 17 |
| INDIAN GEOGRAPHY —PGS. 29–51 | Central Processing Unit (CPU) —Pgs. 18 |
| The Indian Subcontinent —Pgs. 29 | Memory Unit (MU) —Pgs. 19 |
| Physical Features —Pgs. 29 | Input/Output —Pgs. 19 |
| Himalayas —Pgs. 30 | Computer Languages —Pgs. 20 |
| Hill Ranges of the Peninsula —Pgs. 32 | WORLD PANORAMA —PGS. 1–19 |
| Coastal Plains —Pgs. 32 | WORLD PANORAMA —PGS. 3–19 |
| The Island Groups —Pgs. 32 | United Nations —Pgs. 3 |
| Drainage System of India —Pgs. 33 | Important Lines and Boundaries —Pgs. 12 |
| Climate of India —Pgs. 34 | INDIAN PANORAMA —PGS. 1–20 |
| Climatic Regions of India —Pgs. 35 | INDIAN PANORAMA —PGS. 3–20 |
| Soil —Pgs. 36 | National Insignia —Pgs. 3 |
| Agriculture in India —Pgs. 37 | Defence of India —Pgs. 10 |
| Types of Farming —Pgs. 37 | Defence Research in India —Pgs. 10 |
| Green Revolution —Pgs. 38 | India’s Missile Programme —Pgs. 13 |
| Impact of Green Revolution —Pgs. 38 | UNESCO World Heritage Sites of India —Pgs. 17 |
| Mineral Resources of India —Pgs. 38 | Famous Tourist Places in India —Pgs. 17 |
| National Highways —Pgs. 39 | Important National and International Days and Dates —Pgs. 19 |
| States of India —Pgs. 48 | BOOKS AND AUTHORS —PGS. 1–19 |
| Glossary of Geographical Terms —Pgs. 49 | BOOKS AND AUTHORS —PGS. 3–19 |
| ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY —PGS. 1–10 | Alphabetical Listing of Books —Pgs. 3 |
| ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY —PGS. 3–10 | Most Important & Famous Books of 2018–19 —Pgs. 18 |
| Environment —Pgs. 3 | Most Important Books for Various Government Exams —Pgs. 19 |
| Ecology —Pgs. 4 | AWARDS AND HONOURS —PGS. 1–7 |
| Biodiversity —Pgs. 4 | AWARDS AND HONOURS —PGS. 3–7 |
| NTCA —Pgs. 5 | International Awards —Pgs. 3 |
| Project Elephant —Pgs. 5 | International Beauty Contest —Pgs. 4 |
| Zones —Pgs. 6 | India’s International Awards —Pgs. 4 |
| Pollution —Pgs. 6 | National Awards —Pgs. 5 |
| Critically Endangered Animal Species of India —Pgs. 9 | Other National Awards —Pgs. 5 |
| INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION —PGS. 1–46 | Gallantry Awards —Pgs. 5 |
| INDIAN POLITY AND CONSTITUTION —PGS. 3–46 | Literary and Cultural Awards in India —Pgs. 5 |
| Constitution —Pgs. 3 | Science Awards —Pgs. 6 |
| Evolution of Indian Constitution —Pgs. 3 | Sports Awards —Pgs. 6 |
| Administrative and Legislative Reforms before 1857 —Pgs. 3 | Important Awards and Honours of 2018–19 —Pgs. 6 |
| Administrative and Legislative Reforms after 1857 —Pgs. 3 | GAMES AND SPORTS —PGS. 1–10 |
| Constituent Assembly and Making of the Constitution —Pgs. 5 | GAMES AND SPORTS —PGS. 3–10 |
| Important Articles of the Constitution —Pgs. 7 | Olympic Games —Pgs. 3 |
| Schedules of the Indian Constitution —Pgs. 10 | Commonwealth Games —Pgs. 4 |
| Important Cases of the Constitution —Pgs. 10 | Asian Games —Pgs. 5 |
| Some Special Features of the Indian Constitution —Pgs. 10 | SAF Games —Pgs. 5 |
| Federal and Unitary Features of the Indian Union —Pgs. 11 | Cricket —Pgs. 5 |
| Lapse of Paramountcy —Pgs. 11 | Women’s Cricket World Cup —Pgs. 5 |
| Integration and Merger of Indian States —Pgs. 11 | ICC Twenty-20 Cricket World Cup —Pgs. 6 |
| Evolution of States and Union Territories —Pgs. 12 | ICC Twenty-20 Women’s Cricket World Cup —Pgs. 6 |
| The Preamble —Pgs. 12 | Football —Pgs. 6 |
| Reorganization of States —Pgs. 12 | Hockey —Pgs. 7 |
| Timeline of States and Union Territories —Pgs. 12 | Volleyball —Pgs. 7 |
| Citizenship —Pgs. 13 | Table Tennis —Pgs. 7 |
| Fundamental Rights —Pgs. 13 | Basketball —Pgs. 7 |
| The Writs —Pgs. 15 | Badminton —Pgs. 7 |
| Fundamental Duties —Pgs. 16 | Lawn Tennis —Pgs. 7 |
| Procedure for Amending The Constitution —Pgs. 17 | Sports Terms —Pgs. 8 |
| Executive of the Union —Pgs. 17 | Cups and Trophies Associated with Sports —Pgs. 9 |
| Powers of President —Pgs. 19 | ABBREVIATIONS —PGS. 1–23 |
| The Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers —Pgs. 21 | ABBREVIATIONS —PGS. 3–23 |
| The Parliament of India —Pgs. 23 | Abbreviations of Associations —Pgs. 3 |
| Executive of the States: The Governor —Pgs. 28 | Industries and Companies Abbreviations —Pgs. 3 |
| Chief Minister’s (CM) Appointment —Pgs. 29 | Health and Medical Abbreviations —Pgs. 4 |
| Special Position of Jammu and Kashmir —Pgs. 32 | Foreign Base Abbreviations —Pgs. 5 |
| Panchayats —Pgs. 32 | Banking and Business Abbreviations —Pgs. 6 |
| Municipalities —Pgs. 34 | Abbreviations of Defence —Pgs. 7 |
| The Supreme Court (Articles 124–147) —Pgs. 34 | Educational Abbreviations —Pgs. 8 |
| The High Court (Articles 214–231) —Pgs. 36 | Infrastructure in Universities and Higher Educational Institutions Abbreviations —Pgs. 8 |
| Inter-State Council —Pgs. 38 | General Abbreviations —Pgs. 9 |
| Finance Commission (Articles 280–281) —Pgs. 38 | Official Abbreviations —Pgs. 10 |
| National Development Council (NDC) —Pgs. 39 | Political Abbreviations —Pgs. 11 |
| Inter-State Relations —Pgs. 39 | Postal Telegraphic Abbreviations —Pgs. 12 |
| Emergency Provisions (Articles 352–360) —Pgs. 39 | Scientific Abbreviations —Pgs. 13 |
| Public Service Commissions (Articles 315–323) —Pgs. 40 | Resource Management Abbreviations —Pgs. 16 |
| Election —Pgs. 40 | Railway Abbreviations —Pgs. 17 |
| Delimitation Commission of India —Pgs. 40 | Sports Abbreviations —Pgs. 18 |
| The Official Languages (Articles 343–351) —Pgs. 41 | Military Abbreviations —Pgs. 19 |
| National Symbols —Pgs. 42 |
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